The thermal pulses become larger each time, with the later pulses pushing the luminosity to as much as 5, 000 times the current level and the radius to over 1 AU . According to a 2008 model, Earth's orbit is shrinking due to tidal forces ( and, eventually, drag from the lower chromosphere ), so that it will be engulfed by the Sun near the tip of the red giant branch phase, 3.8 and 1 million years after Mercury and Venus have respectively suffered the same fate.
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